Regulatory Reconstruction and Law Enforcement Effectiveness Regarding Electric Bicycle Use by Minors
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The use of electric bicycles by underage children on public roads poses complex legal challenges in Indonesia. This study analyzes in depth the reconstruction of the juridical classification of electric bicycles and the effectiveness of law enforcement based on Law Number 22 of 2009 and Minister of Transportation Regulation Number 45 of 2020. Using a normative-empirical legal research method, this study compares domestic micro-mobility regulations with international standards in the European Union, Queensland, and Mongolia. The results indicate a legal uncertainty resulting from classification ambiguity between motorized and non-motorized vehicles, currently challenged under Constitutional Court Case Number 187/PUU-XXIV/2026. On-the-ground law enforcement is ineffective due to the absence of criminal penalties in the Ministerial Regulation, while public legal culture remains highly permissive. This article proposes a comprehensive regulatory reconstruction through technical standardization, strengthening administrative sanctions, and adopting the doctrine of vicarious criminal liability for negligent parents to ensure sustainable public safety.
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